I have hunted elk and deer out west for many years with rifle and bow, all bull elk were killed 30 to 100 yds. Same with deer except one in a clear cut at 600yds. About one third were killed on the run with a rifle, cause your up close and they explode out of the brush like a flushing pheasant. The costal rain forest to the high mountain wilderness areas and wide open high desert, where I tracked a huge buck who was picking up does. Killed the coward buck at about 70 yds on the run trying to hide in a herd of his does...he dropped back in the pack exposed his flank, shot him in the flank he slowed a little more exposing his chest and I killed him there as his does ran off. A tough discusting chunk of meat. Never really liked venison, antelope, or bear...but I killed so I ate em. I only hunted with a few hunting partners, they were good shots, one combat vet, we killed em up close in the brush ..I mostly hunt alone, especially elk in the wilderness...it makes a very long day when ya kill one and pack it out.
All my long range shooting is varmints out past 1000 yds or targets these days. Regulations are such a hassle, long range shooting at game is a thing of the past the last few years. No range finders or electronic devices are allowed on your rifle or person while pursuing game. Only a trail camera and lighted reticle allowed but no range finding capabilities, allowed, no night vision scopes. Goes for all firearms and bows.
The 44-40 decimated the early American deer and elk herds before smokeless powder came along. And the factory 14" Winchester lever action 44-40 was good mountain lion gun over dogs.