Just so you know-- before you go putting jb weld into any more chambers in the future--- ptg makes broken case extractors in almost every caliber --- they are adjustable and actually use your bolt and their tool to extract the broken case-- about $50 each.
Your pics didn't look like brass in the chamber to me and if there was a broken case in their then a new cartridge would not fit/chamber correctly and allow the bolt to close.
Another cheep tool to invest in is a teslong bore scope-- you could have taken a close look at the "neck and shoulder area" in the chamber.
If the past owner was chambering and shooting 7 Weatherby mag ammo without pressure signs-- I would have shot it to confirm his " won't shoot straight" claim--- may have just been a loose action bolt or scope mount bolt.
Please don't use a Dremel tool