The answer is an individual thing but.308 ticks all those boxes & has the biggest factory ammo choice of any cartridge in the world!
Also to add to the thread this a totally unbias opinion!
I don't even own a .308.
I do own 2 6.5's, a .270 & any of them will do the job.
Really my point is that the world is your oyster with .308, just about every rifle manufacturer in the world makes all their rifle models available in .308
Again the factory availability & range from game to target is astounding & plentiful!
Budget is everything, so is asking the question of barrel profile, do you want detachable magazine, synthetic or wood stock etc?
How important is weight in this factor?
For something that I like to shott LR I like a barrel on the heavier side, standard varmint, so these are a bit heavier to carry for hunting but I don't have an issue with that.
There are so many very modestly priced & very accurate rifles on the market these days it really comes down to your very personal like/dislike on the configuration.
On the scope, well its another budget question but anything in the range of 6-20/25x50 will do the job in the hunting & long range work.
Actually Im not even sure why I don't have a .308 but then again I an thinking of turning one of my rifles into a multi cartridge/barreled rifle or just get a cheap .308 because I have room in the safe