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Bullet Construction vs Lethality
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<blockquote data-quote="nralifer" data-source="post: 2904194" data-attributes="member: 94556"><p>Very interesting discussion and is clearly in line with the objectives. I am very familiar with the human internal anatomy and the variations of that anatomy that exist in large vertebrates. I can tell you that there are more similarities than differences. To achieve a rapid kill, there are 3 main mechanisms, sudden an catastrophic hypotension, hypoxia and sudden destruction of the brain. The first two lead to rapid cessation of brain function and loss of consciousness. Unless one shoots the animal in the head, all other shots rely on hypotension or hypoxia. As far as vital nerve damage is concerned the only vital nerve to speak of is the cervical spinal cord which if severely bruised or severed will induce immediate 4 limb paralysis and if high enough on the cord, paralysis of the muscles of respiration (muscles between the ribs and the diaphragm). Hypoxia then is the likely mechanism of death. </p><p></p><p>That said, examining the wound channel and bullet direction are key in understanding the bullet behavior and the mechanism of death. With our bullets, recovery of the bullet is a bonus since about 80+% of the time they pass through. The paths of the wound channels are in a straight line unless a bone has been struck and deformed the bullet. Gels are used as a model for testing expansion and penetration, but are very uniform in density and quite elastic. This latter property shows amazing hydrostatic cavitation as seen on high speed photography, something that likely occurs to a much lesser degree in an animal due to the much lower elasticity of the connective tissue, fascial layers and pelt. Also passage of bullets through animals is harder on the bullet because of potential bone collision and the varying density of the various tissues.</p><p></p><p>You mention the CE lazer. It is a very accurate long range bullet, but I have it on good authority that expansion at 950 yards of at least the 400 gr 375 cal bullet on an Audad shot 6 times in the shoulder by this most expert of long range shooters, failed to kill that animal rapidly. He finished it off with his pistol. I, likewise had a similar experience with a Warthog I shot with a Barnes TTSX at 50 yds. Had any of those bullets expanded as intended, one and done would be the result. In the case of the Warthog we would not have had to track this animal for 2-2.5 hr back to it's den and kill it there. Examining the original wound channel the path of the bullet was near the inferior vena cava which would have been severed or ripped open by either hydraulic cavitation or wide wound channel, inducing a rapid internal hemorrhage and rapid hypotension with subsequent cessation of brain function for lack of blood flow. </p><p></p><p>Gel testing for me has been useful in examining those factors which lead to bullet expansion or not. Consistency of expansion and the lower limit of impact velocity able to induce that expansion, is extremely important. On the very first animal we shot with our original first design, the effect of hydraulic cavitation became very evident. Examining the wound channel revealed the path was straight, hit high on the shoulder and was oblique to the cervical spinal cord, passing just beneath it, but the spine bone itself was intact. The only explanation for the dead right there outcome was a heavy bruising of the spinal cord which immediately stopped nerve signal conduction and induced immediate paralysis of all extremities and respiratory muscles. No major vessel was hit and the diameter of the wound channel was that of a fist. Impact distance was 482 yds. </p><p></p><p>We have had a few customers shoot Elk beyond 950 to a maximum of 1695 yds with various caliber Bulldozer-2 bullets. All were single shot kills. Consistency of expansion is all important. The gel testing has shown us how the structure of the hollow point and the material of the tip is all important in influencing consistency of expansion and minimum impact velocities to achieve that expansion. </p><p></p><p>I certainly agree that tips and high BC increase the hit probability at 1000 yds, that is why we went to great pains to maximize the BCs of the hunting bullets, use aluminum tips, cut stress groves in the hollow and drill these holes not to go into the shank.</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="nralifer, post: 2904194, member: 94556"] Very interesting discussion and is clearly in line with the objectives. I am very familiar with the human internal anatomy and the variations of that anatomy that exist in large vertebrates. I can tell you that there are more similarities than differences. To achieve a rapid kill, there are 3 main mechanisms, sudden an catastrophic hypotension, hypoxia and sudden destruction of the brain. The first two lead to rapid cessation of brain function and loss of consciousness. Unless one shoots the animal in the head, all other shots rely on hypotension or hypoxia. As far as vital nerve damage is concerned the only vital nerve to speak of is the cervical spinal cord which if severely bruised or severed will induce immediate 4 limb paralysis and if high enough on the cord, paralysis of the muscles of respiration (muscles between the ribs and the diaphragm). Hypoxia then is the likely mechanism of death. That said, examining the wound channel and bullet direction are key in understanding the bullet behavior and the mechanism of death. With our bullets, recovery of the bullet is a bonus since about 80+% of the time they pass through. The paths of the wound channels are in a straight line unless a bone has been struck and deformed the bullet. Gels are used as a model for testing expansion and penetration, but are very uniform in density and quite elastic. This latter property shows amazing hydrostatic cavitation as seen on high speed photography, something that likely occurs to a much lesser degree in an animal due to the much lower elasticity of the connective tissue, fascial layers and pelt. Also passage of bullets through animals is harder on the bullet because of potential bone collision and the varying density of the various tissues. You mention the CE lazer. It is a very accurate long range bullet, but I have it on good authority that expansion at 950 yards of at least the 400 gr 375 cal bullet on an Audad shot 6 times in the shoulder by this most expert of long range shooters, failed to kill that animal rapidly. He finished it off with his pistol. I, likewise had a similar experience with a Warthog I shot with a Barnes TTSX at 50 yds. Had any of those bullets expanded as intended, one and done would be the result. In the case of the Warthog we would not have had to track this animal for 2-2.5 hr back to it’s den and kill it there. Examining the original wound channel the path of the bullet was near the inferior vena cava which would have been severed or ripped open by either hydraulic cavitation or wide wound channel, inducing a rapid internal hemorrhage and rapid hypotension with subsequent cessation of brain function for lack of blood flow. Gel testing for me has been useful in examining those factors which lead to bullet expansion or not. Consistency of expansion and the lower limit of impact velocity able to induce that expansion, is extremely important. On the very first animal we shot with our original first design, the effect of hydraulic cavitation became very evident. Examining the wound channel revealed the path was straight, hit high on the shoulder and was oblique to the cervical spinal cord, passing just beneath it, but the spine bone itself was intact. The only explanation for the dead right there outcome was a heavy bruising of the spinal cord which immediately stopped nerve signal conduction and induced immediate paralysis of all extremities and respiratory muscles. No major vessel was hit and the diameter of the wound channel was that of a fist. Impact distance was 482 yds. We have had a few customers shoot Elk beyond 950 to a maximum of 1695 yds with various caliber Bulldozer-2 bullets. All were single shot kills. Consistency of expansion is all important. The gel testing has shown us how the structure of the hollow point and the material of the tip is all important in influencing consistency of expansion and minimum impact velocities to achieve that expansion. I certainly agree that tips and high BC increase the hit probability at 1000 yds, that is why we went to great pains to maximize the BCs of the hunting bullets, use aluminum tips, cut stress groves in the hollow and drill these holes not to go into the shank. [/QUOTE]
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