As I have come to understand it, barrel wear has little to do with bullet selection. It is not the lands/grooves of the barrel that wear out because of the number of bullets that pass down it, but rather an area of the barrel known as the throat. The throat is the area just in front of the chambered round on up to where the lands begin. This area is subjected to intense heat and pressure - which is slow death to any barrel. All calibers are barrel burners, it's just that the more heat & pressure: the quicker the death. Given the same number of rounds and firing sequences: a 300 WM will burn out a barrel quicker than a 30-06; and a 30-06 will burn out quicker than a 308 (all else being equal).
The first mistake that some rookie shooters make is to send too many rounds down range without allowing their barrel to cool down in between shots. Some 'pencil' barrels I have owned will get hot just after two rounds fired in close succession. A third round (shooting a group of three) usually is all I can manage before have to set the barrel aside to cool. Of course, the thicker diameter of the barrel, the longer it takes to heat up - but the throat is still taking the same punishment.
The second area of concern is the one that cannot be overcome -except by selection of caliber and load: which is that of heat and pressure in the throat area. The amount of burning powder being dumped into the throat effects both heat and pressure. Almost by definition, any long range rig that is a 'magnum' shooting near max velocity has the potential to be a barrel burner.
I believe that barrel life is at least partially responsible for the migration to larger calibers. To be sure, the primary reasons have been better ballistics in flight (weight, bullet design & speed), and the potential for better terminal performance down range. But there is an added hope of longer barrel life as well. Consider this: a 300 RUM requires about 94 grains of Retumbo to send a 220 gr. bullet down range at 3000 fps. The 338 Rum requires about 96 grains of H1000 to send a 225 gr. bullet down range at 3000 fps. The only difference is that the same heat & pressure generated by that load is spread over the throat area that is substantially larger in the 338 than the 300.
I own a couple of potential barrel burners. As Frank stated: they are not my daily shooters. I specifically built a LR rifle as my "practice" rig. It is a 6.5-06 AI built by Kirby Allen. That handles most of my general hunting situations and is my practice rifle. It requires less powder and the AI design is said to reduce throat erosion by keeping more of the burning gases in the case (time will tell on that one). My bigger rifles each get only 30 to 50 rounds per year run through them. Although all three rifles are stocked differently, they all wear the exact same trigger with the same pull weight so that my practice time will carry over from one rifle to the next.
With the cost of custom barrels and smithing being what they are, many competitive shooters try to extend their barrel life by having their barrel "set back" after throat erosion has progressed to the point where accuracy is being effected. Setting back a barrel requires some forward thinking before ordering the custom barrel. Many shooters today will order a barrel blank with an approx. 3" shank. If you plan on setting the barrel back, you would order one with a 4"-5" shank. After shooting out the barrel, you simply have your smith cut of an inch or two at the breech of the barrel and then re-chamber and re-thread the same barrel. Your barrel is now 2" shorter (will effect your velocity/load), but the throat erosion will have been reamed out with the re-chambering, which advanced the chamber 2" further into the barrel. What used to be your burned out throat area now sits near the base of the loaded cartridge.
If you are on a rifle budget but plan on doing a lot of shooting, I would choose a standard caliber like the 6.5x284 or the 280 Rem. Or possibly even a 7mm Rem Mag or 300 WM. If you take care of them, either will give you several thousand rounds of life. Likewise, I would steer clear of the hyper magnums in the smaller calibers. They provide excellent potential for enhanced down-range performance, but at a cost: barrel life.