Undertightened gun screws can loosen and let things that are not supposed to move, move. Overtightened screws or multiple screws that are unevenly tightened can lead to even bigger problems. Twisting the ring screws too tight or unevenly when mounting a scope can damage the scope. It can result in stressed, bent or dented scope tubes and misaligned internal parts. The scope adjustments may not work correctly, making it impossible to sight-in the gun or, in some cases, to retain zero. Or it can cause the scope to break at a later date, as recently happened to me at the shooting range. One of the internal lenses shattered, possibly from a misaligned scope ring.
Rifle action screws that are undertorqued can work loose, causing accuracy problems and possibly damage to the gun. If they are overtorqued, it can damage the stock, bolts and even the receiver. Unevenly or improperly torqued action screws can result in poor accuracy. It's a fine line between getting any important screw tight enough and turning it so tight that things break or distort.
There is a school of thought that says you absolutely do not need a torque wrench to mount scopes on guns or to mate the action to the stock. Thousands of both are accomplished every year by people who have never heard of a torque wrench. But for the very best job and for an eye-opening look at how much torque is correct, a torque wrench is the only answer.For example, Leupold recommends that 6-48 screws in a ring or base be tightened to 18 in.-lbs. and 8-40 screws be tightened to 28 in.-lbs. Windage screws on the rear ring of the scope mount should be tightened to 40-45 in.-lbs. Wheeler Engineering recommends that base screws be tightened to 30 in.-lbs. Ring screws in aluminum rings should be torqued to 10-15 in.-lbs. and steel rings to 15-20 in.-lbs. The windage screws on the rear rings of Leupold and other such mounts should be torqued to 30-40 in.-lbs.....
But, without a torque wrench, how can you know? One screwdriver manufacturer advises that with its unit's relatively small handle and full hand pressure, most men will achieve 17 to 50 in.-lbs., which is a pretty wide margin of error. With the thumb and first two fingers, they say most will apply 10 to 17 in.-lbs. That is subjective at best. I can apply a lot more torque with this method than my son can, and we are both grown men. I just outweigh him by about 60 lbs. The bottom line is that the only way to know is to use a torque wrench, and what I learned when I got mine is that I have been screwing up for years—pun intended.
Action screws are another torque-sensitive application that can affect accuracy and prevent damage to the rifle. Wheeler Engineering recommends that wood, fiberglass or synthetic stocks be torqued to 40 in.-lbs. If the stock has pillars, go to 65 in.-lbs. I also took a survey of several rifle manufacturers to see what they recommend. Browning recommends 30 in.-lbs. on its A-Bolt rifle action screws. Remington recommends 15-25 in.-lbs. on its wood, synthetic or laminate stocks. On the synthetic stocks with integral aluminum bedding blocks, it recommends 45 in.-lbs. of torque on the action screws. Ruger provided more detail, including the proper tightening sequence. "First, tighten the front bolt to 90 inch-pounds. Second, tighten the back screw to 50 inch-pounds. Third, tighten the middle screw to 50 inch-pounds."