Back to physics: the law of conservation of energy states that "the total energy of an isolated system remains constant—it is said to be conserved over time. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it transforms from one form to another."
The recoil energy is mostly
kinetic energy. That means, it involves a dynamic action, not a static one. That kinetic energy cannot be destroyed, it will have to transform into another type of energy (
potential energy that can take the shape of gravitational, elastic, or electric), or be transferred to other objects.
A rifle's recoil will:
1. partially transform in elastic potential energy in the buttstock and especially in the recoil pad. Thus, a well designed recoil pad can take quite an amount of energy (similar with the crumbling/elastic front and rear of modern vehicles)
2. partially transform in gravitational energy of the whole rifle which is moved to a new position (the heavier the rifle tho more is absorbed)
3. partially transferred to shooter's shoulder (an external system)
Simply put, the more goes in 1. and 2., the less gets to 3. (shoulder)
Now, what caused the discomfort on shooter's shoulder is more than just sheer amount of transferred energy. These are some of the main factors:
1. the total amount of kinetic energy transferred to the shoulder (less is better)
2. transfer surface (more is better) - here a recoil pad that dynamically molds into the shape of the shoulder for a fraction of a second, just enough to avoid painful high pressure impact zones
3. dynamic character of the impact - a rigid buttplate will transfer almost all of its kinetic energy in a fast, violent manner to the shoulder (like the swinging metal balls in
Newton's cradle).
In real life, my own experience using the relatively simple LimbSaver recoil pad was very positive: I have them on two of my rifles chambered in .300 Win Mag and they made a world of difference. Especially for the lighter one (only 6 LB), which kicks like an angry mule... The effect on bullet's point of impact was an overall slight improvement (I was shooting well also before, at the cost of a blue shoulder after a day at the range), which I will attribute mainly to the better contact with my body during the recoil. No more crushed deltoid muscle and bruised skin...