I've also experienced lower barrel life with double base powders compared to single base, but I've yet to really nail it down to a quantifiable amount. There are always going to be trade offs and if what you're gaining in the trade is worth it, it's worth it.
I agree barrels are expendable, but they're pretty much the highest upfront cost expendable, so it's not fun when the time comes. Prolonging that is definitely desirable if can be done without sacrificing the performance you're after.
If you're truly not a fan of changing barrels often, using the most efficient cartridge and bullet combo is the best approach. I'd think the 308win is a classic example. You can get upwards of 8000 rounds through a 308win barrel before it's shot out. For the example the OP gave, saying he shoots 500 rounds a year, well that's up to 16 years with a 308win barrel. A large magnum with a small bore is much less efficient and will burn out a barrel much faster.
Pressure, heat, and friction are the biggest factors in barrel wear. Increasing any or all of those things will increase the rate of wear and decrease the barrel life, decreasing any or all of those things will decrease the wear and increase the barrel life.
So it's fair to say increasing friction with certain bullets would play a part. Burn rates of powder, double base vs single base, amount of powder, etc would also play a part. Bore size and surface area would play a part as well. Time that the bullet is in the barrel plays a part too as it will determine how long the heat and pressure is affecting the barrel in regards to wear.
The question remains, how much does it all matter? Obviously the more dramatic any of this factors are, the worse it'll be. The .22 Eargesplitten Loudenboomer would be a good example of taking it all to the extreme lol.