I had this discussion with one of the bullet techs at Sierra. Here is what he had to say: We used the .300 RUM as an example, it seems to be a favorite barrel burner. If you fire a 190 grain SMK bullet Vs a 240 grain SMK you will get longer barrel life with the 190 SMK we are talking 300 RUM here. Take a lighter bullet in a 300 RUM and the barrel life will be longer even though the bullet is moving faster. Will a .300 RUM last as long firing a 110 grain bullet as a .308 Win firing a heavy bullet? NO!!!!!
My first question was why? His answer was dwell time, it takes the heavier bullet longer to leave the chamber, and the flame has more time to erode the throat. Its like holding a hot torch to metal for a longer time. Rapid fire accelerates wear, allowing longer cooling time definitely extends barrel life. There are also certain powders that are more barrel friendly than others. Its not the barrel that wears out, its the throat.
Cartridges like the .308 Win are known for longer barrel life because they use less powder, and with a lighter bullet they will also last longer than with a heavier bullet. It's not the speed of the bullet its the time and intensity the flame has to erode the throat that kills them. More powder equals more heat, the faster the bullet exits, the less heat on the throat.
I am sure there are people who will say this is not the case, but he claims it took several years to prove, and it was not easy to prove.
Hope I explained this correctly, its been a while since the conversation.
Happy Holidays